Topic directory

Cosmology & celestial charts

Browse 5 source-linked records about cosmology & celestial charts, with evidence labels, original sources and limitations.

Historical artifacts, claims and scientific context retain their own labels. Inclusion in this collection does not establish a claim as true.

• Historical record

  Apian’s Earth-centered model of the heavens

  Earth-centered does not mean flat Earth.

• Historical record

  Apian’s rotating paper chart for astronomy

  Instructional astronomy and geography; distinguish celestial mechanics from terrestrial surveying.

• Historical record

  Copernicus’s book on planets orbiting the Sun

  Contrasts celestial systems, not Antarctic mapping.

• Historical record

  Descartes’s diagram of planetary motion in vortices

  Historical planetary theory, not polar geography.

• Historical record

  Medieval diagram of Earth, planets and Heaven

  Stacked visual bands do not establish terrestrial shape.